1. Depends on which jet you were referring to. The super duper mach 10 jet, no, you would likely not survive (at least at that airspeed). The F/A-18, likely yes, but it would depend on the ejection parameters. Ejecting from any ejection seat aircraft could result in injury, but the severity would depend on a myriad of different factors. Concussions and broken bones aren’t necessarily a given.
2) Highly unlikely, considering Navy Captains hit mandatory retirement age at 30 years, and the amount of flying opportunities markedly decrease once you pass Commander. He certainly wouldn’t have flown for the entirety of his Navy career. Continuing to fly even if you make Admiral isn’t necessarily a given either. The only Admirals I’m aware of who semi-regularly fly are either in command of a carrier strike group or NAWDC.
3. F-14? Probably not, but I’m by no means a Tomcat expert. F-18? It would depend on a number of different factors. I know that’s unsatisfying, but there isn’t really a simple answer to the question.
4. Potentially, but it would ultimately depend on the target itself and the weapon being utilized against it. There are at least two carrier air wings that currently have one F-35 squadron assigned to them. The rest of the air wings have only F-18s in their fighter squadrons. The number of air wings with F-35s will gradually increase as more F-18 squadrons transition to the F-35.