I do not myself think that a confrontation with China would lead to a nuclear exchange. The Chinese are not stupid or nuts. In terms of their attacking Taiwan, at least in terms of trying an invasion, China would be carrying out the largest, most complex amphibious operation in human history, something they have absolutely zero experience doing. Regarding chips, yes Taiwan is a major strategic country in that they produce the vast majority of the critical computer chips needed for so much.
IMO, just letting China take Taiwan out of fear of nuclear war would play right into China's hands and possibly let them take control over an extremely important industrial asset but also a free country, which would probably cause all of the countries in the entire region to fall prey to China's wishes due to such a spectacular display of U.S. weakness. So IMO, the nuclear threat is one that must be stared down in such a scenario. I would even go so far as to say that not doing anything out of fear of nuclear retaliation can increase the likelihood of major war because then other countries can get emboldened to try something, and someone miscalculates and does something they shouldn't, which pulls a larger power in, which then pulls even larger powers in, and then you have WWIII.
Couple of interesting articles in Foreign Affairs and Bloomberg:
Can Moscow learn from its failures in Ukraine?
www.foreignaffairs.com
The US ‘Domain Awareness Gap’ Goes Way Beyond Balloons
If a major conflict breaks out with China, America’s once-vaunted defense industrial base will be exposed as a comatose geriatric, not a sleeping giant.
Regarding this article, while it makes some good points, I think Niall himself and multiple of the people he quotes are oversimplifying the issue:
The United States displays some of the characteristics of a once dominant power that has passed its cmpetitive prime: by some important measures, it is complacent, highly bureaucratized, and seeking short-term gains and rents rather than long-term productive breakthroughs. It is socially and politically divided, cognizant of the need for reforms yet unwilling or unable to make them, and suffering a loss of faith in the shared national project that once animated it.
This is a quote by Michael J. Mazaar from an article in
Foreign Affairs Niall quotes, but IMO that description would be 100% accurate for America in the mid-1960s through the 1970s and early 1980s. He then writes:
China clearly benefits from a potent national will and ambition, both domestically and internationally, and a unified national identity among much of the population. It has an active state that is pouring resources into human capital, research and development, high technology, and infrastructure..
Yes, but...so does the United States. The primary difference with the U.S. and China on this is similar to what we saw during the Cold War: all the rot and problems in the United States were laid bare and open. Everyone knew the U.S. had major problems with crime, poverty, corruption, pollution, etc...that it was not any utopia. Whereas all the rot and corruption of the Soviet Union, which was significantly worse, was hidden. With China, it is similar: all the problems of America are laid bare for everyone to see, whereas many of the problems with China are masked. These kind of articles often make it sound like a totally problem-laden America would be facing a very efficient China, that is far less corrupt, has a far better-trained, led, equipped, and skilled military, and far more productive and efficient industrial base to supply said super military.
In terms of the comparisons of U.S. manufacturing capability to China's, the story is also more complex. China is responsible for about 28% of global manufacturing, whereas the U.S. does about 17%. However, China does their manufacturing with a much larger number of workers than the U.S., around 130 million versus about 16 million in the U.S. So the U.S. produces 17% of global manufacturing with 16 million workers. To produce double that with the same types of goods and same productivity, the Chinese should thus do it with about 32 million workers. But instead they do it with 130 million. Why is this? Because a lot of what China produces are things that are very simple and cheap to make that they have an advantage in terms of cheap labor. So lots of toys, consumer electronics, clothing, shoes, etc...whereas when it comes to high-tech military, aerospace, industrial, medical, etc...components and technologies, the picture is a lot different. I don't know the specific numbers for how those two types of manufacturing stack up, but I mean the picture isn't
**as** simple as some make it. The U.S. produces a lot of high-tech components.
One area that nobody mentions that we've let slip is shipbuilding. Every other country subsidizes their shipbuilding industry but, in what IMO was a mistake, this was stopped for the American shipbuilding industry under Reagan. We still domestically make aircraft carriers and submarines, but other ships are still very important for commerce and industry and allow the Merchant Marine (another component that has declined) to do their job during wartime. The Merchant Marine might play a big role in supplying Taiwan during a Chinese attack, I don't know.
I don't think that our industrial base having trouble producing the munitions needed for war right now is as big an issue as some make it out to be, because that is how it is at the very start of a major war (or little war in this case). A country doesn't produce major numbers of weapons unless there's a demand, otherwise it would be a complete waste. We and the Soviets did during the Cold War, but that was an exception. Since then, unless the military budget is funding it, private companies aren't going to produce or invest in the capital to be able to produce enormous quantities of munitions.