As an aside, I've read some interesting analysis of that agreement that suggests that this turning over of nukes was, in large measure, symbolic. Apparently, the Russians already held what amounted to the launch codes for the nukes that Ukraine had physical custody of, and they would have been unusable without removing the physics package and reengineering the delivery devices. Something that the Ukraine of the early 90s may not have had the ability to pull off, let alone properly maintain a nuclear arsenal. Budapest and NPT were the feel good window dressing to that inevitability. I bring this up as a counterpoint to the "if only" sentiment that's out there. I say this as a big fan of the Nunn-Lugar effort. The early 90s was a trip.