Those are still a thing but they get pencil-whipped pretty hard. The problem is that you have LTJGs with very little sea time teaching Ensigns with zero sea time and the Skipper or XO are not always around (due to administrative duties) to oversee it. Meanwhile, Dept Heads are too busy stabbign each other in the back to get that number 1 EP and continue their careers. Also, if you hold up the completion of the OOD, 3M, DC, CICWO, ATWO, OOD In Port, JOOD, SWO Engineering, OOD Underway, and finally SWO PQS completion (not to mention the attendant PQS requirements that feed into these PQSs) then you quickly run out of qualified OODs and end up relying on port and starboard OODs or just a single A team for complicated evolutions like UNREPs and Sea and Anchor detail. Did I mention that all of these JOs have absurdly large administrative requirements as well due to the need to run their divisions and deal with the kneejerk reactions of their chains of command?
It's not budgets so much as the culture. We could easily change our training methods to be in line with something similar to the Coast Guard or Merchant Marine and actually tie Conn, OOD, and EOOW to actual tonnage licenses, but the support isn't there. That would require a shift in mentality of how we train JOs and probably necessitate the elimination of certain administrative burdens that have been placed upon the shoulders of Ensigns and LTJGs.
This is the key problem in the Surface Navy. The mindset has been that of perfection and a refusal to tell Congress "No!" for so long that it's rotted the culture of the community. COs and officers can't make mistakes and can't ever be honest about their actual ability to get underway or meet some tasking. Crews and wardrooms are run ragged and then expected to recover on shore duty. We play shell games with parts and personnel to ensure that ships can get a top score on INSURV and pre-deployment certifications and then gut them immediately afterwards to get the next ship to pass. And really, no ship will actually fail to meet training standards because that would put too much stress on the Fleet due to missed deployments. We simply cannot continue to operate in the manner that we do but Lord forbid anyone ever be honest.