I'll answer the first one and let you repost the other's to another thread (perhaps "1,001 questions about...").
First tour pilots (JO's) are squadron pilots. Being an LSO is a collateral for them. A typical first tour JO pilot/LSO could be the squadron schedule writer, or NATOPS officer, or a maintenance division officer. If he's in a single seat squadron then he probably has about half a dozen other collaterals as well. If he earns the requisite quals during his first tour, and desires to do so, he can go to the training command or FRS to wave students. This would be his first shore tour. If while during this tour he earns the requisite qual he is eligible for a CAG paddles job. Not everyone who earns the quals gets one of these jobs. If he gets hired to be a CAG LSO, then this will become his primary duty while underway. He is now one of two (in one case, three) dudes on the boat who is responsible for the safe and expeditious recovery of every fixed wing aircraft. He works operationally for the captain of the ship though his boss is still CAG. He is also responsible for the training of all the younger (first tour) LSOs that work for him as well as the training of any struggling pilots. Hope that helps.
First tour pilots (JO's) are squadron pilots. Being an LSO is a collateral for them. A typical first tour JO pilot/LSO could be the squadron schedule writer, or NATOPS officer, or a maintenance division officer. If he's in a single seat squadron then he probably has about half a dozen other collaterals as well. If he earns the requisite quals during his first tour, and desires to do so, he can go to the training command or FRS to wave students. This would be his first shore tour. If while during this tour he earns the requisite qual he is eligible for a CAG paddles job. Not everyone who earns the quals gets one of these jobs. If he gets hired to be a CAG LSO, then this will become his primary duty while underway. He is now one of two (in one case, three) dudes on the boat who is responsible for the safe and expeditious recovery of every fixed wing aircraft. He works operationally for the captain of the ship though his boss is still CAG. He is also responsible for the training of all the younger (first tour) LSOs that work for him as well as the training of any struggling pilots. Hope that helps.